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During his Presidential campaign, new Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. promised an eight-year halt on infectious disease research, presumably because our chances of encountering any sort of infectious disease will be nearly zero once the fluoride is gone from our water supply. As we celebrate the disease-free world of the very near future, let’s take a look back at movies that explore worlds in which viruses and diseases (or related metaphors) run rampant.
These movies vary wildly in their tones and styles, but there are some recurring themes: Science and scientists (however flawed) are almost always a source of hope, while the efficacy of politicians and bureaucracy in harnessing technology to provide assistance is mixed, reflecting our deep ambivalence about the power and willingness of government to help us in times of crisis. Some of these movies suggest that we’re largely on our own in times of viral crisis, but only where medicine is absent. Others, ones with less of a sense of the inevitable, turn on the development of vaccines or related cures. In the movies, at least, it seems that medical science is where hope lies.
Outbreak (1995)
Blending virology with disaster-movie swagger, Wolfgang Petersen’s medical thriller might not be the most rigid in its adherence to science, Outbreak finds an all-star cast fighting to stop an epidemic of Motaba, a fictional Ebola-esque disease that mutates after having been smuggled into the country via an infected capuchin monkey from the jungle of Zaire. It’s very ’90s, I suppose, that the terror would come from the heart of Africa, while efforts by to prevent the virus from killing everyone in a small California town are complicated by factions in the U.S. military who want to keep it a secret, potentially to use as a weapon. Dustin Hoffman, Rene Russo, Morgan Freeman, Donald Sutherland, and Cuba Gooding Jr. are among the film’s scientists and co-conspirators. You can rent Outbreak from Prime Video.
The Killer That Stalked New York (1950)
It’s tempting to say that a smallpox epidemic runs rampant in the margins of this decent, if middling, noir—but the outbreak story is, ultimately, what elevates this 1950 crime drama. Based around a very real 1947 smallpox epidemic in NYC, the title’s inadvertent killer is Sheila Bennett (Evelyn Keyes), a diamond smuggler on the run who’s unaware that she’s spreading disease in the wake of evading the authorities (the real patient zero was a traveling rug merchant, not a jewel-smuggling femme fatale). In real life, and as depicted in the movie, a massive vaccination campaign saw civic authorities, pharmaceutical companies, and the military team up to provide vaccines alongside thousands of volunteers. 600,000 New Yorkers got shots in just the first week, and the outbreak ultimately saw only two smallpox fatalities. The movie, rather, turns on the hunt for Sheila in the hope that she’ll do the right thing and provide the contact tracing necessary to ensure that those most directly affected get their shots. You can stream The Killer That Stalked New York on Prime Video and Pluto TV.
12 Monkeys (1996)
A group of scientists approach James Cole (Bruce Willis), a prisoner in the (rapidly approaching) year 2035 with a mission: They’re going to send him back in time to 1996, the year a deadly plague began wiping out most of humanity, in the hope that he can gather a sample of the original virus to help them develop a cure. Not the wildest medical idea we’ve heard lately! Unfortunately, Cole gets sent back too early and finds his mission jeopardized when he winds up in a mental institution. The movie’s themes are around the general stickiness of our choices, and the ways in which the ball of fate, once started rolling, is very, very hard to stop. You can rent 12 Monkeys from Prime Video.
The Masque of the Red Death (1964)
One of the very best, and almost certainly most psychedelic, of Roger Corman’s collaborations with Vincent Price, this Poe adaptation is a sumptuous descent into hell. Price plays Prince Prospero, a sadistic nobleman in Medieval Italy. When a local woman dies of the mysterious titular plague, Prospero orders the village burned and invites the wealthy nobility to his castle. With the desperate, now homeless villagers baying at the gates, the local gentry party their way through the end of the world, oblivious to the suffering they’ve caused—at least until a procession of the world’s illnesses finds them all drunk and unprepared. A happy ending, you might say. You can stream Masque of the Red Death on Pluto TV or rent it from Prime Video.
Contagion (2011)
The relative accuracy of Steven Soderbergh’s drama is as fascinating as it is frustrating: The idea of a bat-evolved respiratory virus with a death toll in the millions that leads to mass quarantines as well as social distancing, while also providing plenty of material for conspiracy theorists—well, it suggests that there were things we might have been better prepared for. While hitting a few of the same disaster-movie beats as Outbreak, this one is, on the whole, more subdued and, apparently, far more scientifically accurate. You can rent Contagion from Prime Video.
The Andromeda Strain (1971)
The always-reliable director Robert Wise adapts Michael Crichton’s novel about a microorganism from Earth’s upper atmosphere that causes nearly instantaneous blood clotting. Which is bad. The paranoid responses are worse. It works much like other Crichton stories: A somewhat outlandish premise played absolutely straight (think Jurassic Park), such that you almost start to freak out about it happening. You can rent The Andromeda Strain from Prime Video.
The Last Man on Earth (1964)
The first of three major adaptations of Richard Matheson’s I Am Legend, Matheson himself worked on this one, though wasn’t terribly happy with the results. The film’s comparatively low budget, though, sets it apart from later, more action-heavy takes (The Omega Man and I Am Legend, specifically)—this one is comparatively more contemplative as a result. Vincent Price is Dr. Robert Morgan, the only person in the world (to his knowledge) not infected by a plague that has left everyone else into, well, vampires. An encounter with a mysterious woman leads Dr. Morgan to believe that the contagion might be treatable, but can’t ever be cured (it might help if there were more than one human scientist left alive, but you work with what you’ve got, I suppose). You can stream The Last Man on Earth on Tubi, Pluto TV, and Prime Video.
Philadelphia (1993)
There are better films about the darkest days of the first HIV/AIDS crisis, but few had more of a cultural impact than this mainstream, all-star legal drama. It was the first time that Hollywood had approached the topic in any meaningful way, and one of the very first times that queer characters were portrayed positively—it’s also a reasonably good depiction of the legal challenges and consequences that come with an unhindered pandemic. Tom Hanks plays Andrew Beckett, a successful senior associate at a major corporate law firm in the title city who starts displaying lesions (Kaposi’s sarcoma, specifically) related to the AIDS diagnosis that he’d been concealing. When he’s fired with very little reason given, he hires Joe Miller (Denzel Washington), one of the few lawyers who will take his wrongful termination suit. It’s based, loosely, on the real-life case of Geoffrey Bowers, whose case was settled eight years after his death. You can rent Philadelphia from Prime Video.
Isle of the Dead (1945)
An unsung classic from producer Val Lewton and director Mark Robson, Isle of the Dead‘s plot belies its lurid title with the story of a Greek general (Boris Karloff) trying to maintain a quarantine on an isolated island. Taking a break to visit his wife’s tomb during the Balkan Wars of 1912, Gen. Nikolas Pherides arrives with an American reporter at exactly the wrong time: Deaths attributed by some locals to supernatural forces are diagnosed by a local doctor as the first stirrings of an outbreak of septicemic plague. He’s battling not only local superstition and defiance of modern(-ish) science, but also attempts by less credulous locals to escape the island, and thus expose the mainland to the otherwise contained plague. Fortunately, we modern types are incapable of such unscientific silliness. You can rent Isle of the Dead from Prime Video.
Arrowsmith (1931)
Ronald Colman stars as Dr Martin Arrowsmith in this pre-Code John Ford film that, while occasionally veering into melodrama, takes its science relatively seriously, at least in the abstract. When he meets the love of his life, Leora (Helen Hayes), the young medical student gives up scientific research for a more lucrative practice. An outbreak of a bubonic plague in the West Indies, though, sees him reunited with an old mentor to explore the efficacy of a new antibiotic serum that Arrowsmith helped to develop. Is it more important to get the serum into the hands (or, rather, veins) of as many dying people as possible? Or to pursue a study with more scientific rigor that could lead to greater benefits in the long run? You can stream Arrowsmith on Tubi and Prime Video.
Rec (2007)
This superior found-footage horror film from Spain sees reporter Ángela Vidal (Manuela Velasco) and her camera operator on a seemingly sleepy assignment covering the night shift of one of Barcelona’s local fire stations. Zombie hell breaks loose, though, when a call about an old woman trapped in her apartment finds them all trapped inside a quarantined building in which people are becoming infected, one by one, by a mysterious pathogen. There are clever nods to contact tracing and some fun twists on actual science (maybe don’t do science experiments and definitely don’t do demon stuff in your residential penthouse thx), but the vibe here is largely howling terror and also paranoia: They’ve all been locked in by the authorities, and it’s unclear if anyone from outside is helping or just waiting for them to die. In the wake of COVID, it feels a bit like the pandemic squeezed into a single building. The American remake (Quarantine), in which it’s the CDC that’s locked everyone in, is also decent. You can stream Rec on Tubi or rent it from Prime Video.
The Normal Heart (2014)
Larry Kramer adapted his own, largely autobiographical, play for this NYC-set drama depicting the rise of the HIV-AIDS crisis in the city between 1981 and 1984. Mark Ruffalo plays Ned Weeks, Kramer’s alter ego, who helps a sick friend during a Fire Island birthday party only to return to New York and discover that several dozen gay men have been diagnosed with a “rare cancer.” The film conveys the raw immediacy of those early days, as well as the medical and public relations battles that were fought to draw attention to an illness that politicians and mainstream media sources couldn’t have given a shit about. Even after decades of social and medical advances, queerphobia remains prevalent and HIV/AIDS-related funding is on the chopping block, so the rage of these characters feels depressingly immediate. You can stream The Normal Heart on Max or rent it from Prime Video.
Containment (2015)
In an outdated council flat in Weston, artist Mark (Lee Ross) wakes to discover that he’s been sealed into his apartment with no means of escape. The electricity’s out, and the only information comes via the intercom—presumably offered up by the people in Hazmat suits patrolling the exterior of the building. The scenario goes a bit Lord of the Flies, but more disturbing is the sense that, in a disaster, the scariest thing might well be a lack of solid, reliable information. You can stream Containment on Prime Video and Tubi.
It Comes at Night (2017)
A family hides in their house while a plague ravages the planet in this very slow-burn psychological thriller that finds the group gradually succumbing to paranoia and terror as they cling to increasingly ad hoc methods of preventing infection. Ultimately, the enemies here are isolation and paranoia, a reminder that the worst impacts of disaster and trauma are often the hurts we inflict upon ourselves and our loved ones. You can rent It Comes at Night from Prime Video.
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
Science is, as in real life, usually a source of hope in outbreak movies—but not always. Here, a well-intentioned scientist working on a cure for Alzheimer’s accidentally creates a race of super-intelligent apes and puts them on a course to conquer the planet (on second thought, maybe the message here is: Stop animal testing). Spreading like an infection, the poor humans are rather quickly back-footed by the new threat. The apes, lead by Andy Serkis’ chimp Caesar, can’t really do much worse as rulers of the Earth, so I hail our simian overlords. Feels hopeful. You can stream Rise of the Planet of the Apes on Max or rent it from Prime Video.
The Seventh Seal (1957)
Unsurprisingly, perhaps, there’s no science to the rescue in Ingmar Bergman’s masterpiece. With lush and generous detail, we’re transported to a Medieval village during the height of the Black Death, following returned knight Antonius Block (Max von Sydow) as he confronts the personification of Death (Bengt Ekerot) in a chess game for his life. The characters respond to Death’s rapaciousness in various, and very human ways: Block is contemplative but defiant, his squire is practical and grounded, flagellates whip themselves as penance, a woman is nearly burned at the stake as a witch, while a young couple awaits the birth of a child—holding on to hope amid the misery. Bleak and beautiful in equal measure, Bergman’s movie explores a sick world in which neither God nor science are coming to help, but maybe, if we’re lucky, we have people to walk through it with us. You can stream The Seventh Seal on Max and The Criterion Channel or rent it from Prime Video.
